深入浅出 BERT 源代码之 BertModel 类

国庆节前突然对如何计算 BERT 的参数量感兴趣,不过一直看不明白网上的计算过程,索性下载 BERT 源代码阅读一番。这篇文章记录阅读 BertModel 类(核心代码实现)时写的一些笔记,反正我也是纸上谈兵,所以不需要太关注数据处理和 Finetune 相关部分,最后附上计算 BERT 参数量的过程仅供参考。

代码地址:bert/modeling.py at master · google-research/bert

BertConfig

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class BertConfig(object):
"""Configuration for `BertModel`."""

def __init__(self,
vocab_size,
hidden_size=768,
num_hidden_layers=12,
num_attention_heads=12,
intermediate_size=3072,
hidden_act="gelu",
hidden_dropout_prob=0.1,
attention_probs_dropout_prob=0.1,
max_position_embeddings=512,
type_vocab_size=16,
initializer_range=0.02):
self.vocab_size = vocab_size
self.hidden_size = hidden_size
self.num_hidden_layers = num_hidden_layers
self.num_attention_heads = num_attention_heads
self.hidden_act = hidden_act
self.intermediate_size = intermediate_size
self.hidden_dropout_prob = hidden_dropout_prob
self.attention_probs_dropout_prob = attention_probs_dropout_prob
self.max_position_embeddings = max_position_embeddings
self.type_vocab_size = type_vocab_size
self.initializer_range = initializer_range

@classmethod
def from_dict(cls, json_object):
"""Constructs a `BertConfig` from a Python dictionary of parameters."""
config = BertConfig(vocab_size=None)
for (key, value) in six.iteritems(json_object):
config.__dict__[key] = value
return config

@classmethod
def from_json_file(cls, json_file):
"""Constructs a `BertConfig` from a json file of parameters."""
with tf.gfile.GFile(json_file, "r") as reader:
text = reader.read()
return cls.from_dict(json.loads(text))

def to_dict(self):
"""Serializes this instance to a Python dictionary."""
output = copy.deepcopy(self.__dict__)
return output

def to_json_string(self):
"""Serializes this instance to a JSON string."""
return json.dumps(self.to_dict(), indent=2, sort_keys=True) + "\n"

BertConfig 类包含模型参数、几个读取和存储参数的方法。

@classmethod 代表类方法,不需要实例化就可以调用类中的方法。参考其他的文件可以发现它的使用是:

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bert_config = modeling.BertConfig.from_json_file(FLAGS.bert_config_file)

主要参数有:

  • vocab_size: 词表大小
  • hidden_size: Size of the encoder layers and the pooler layer. 词向量 embedding 大小
  • num_hidden_layers: Number of hidden layers in the Transformer encoder. 层数
  • num_attention_heads: Number of attention heads for each attention layer in
    the Transformer encoder. 多头数量
  • intermediate_size: The size of the “intermediate” (i.e., feed-forward)
    layer in the Transformer encoder. FFN 中间层的大小
  • hidden_act: The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the
    encoder and pooler. 激活函数
  • hidden_dropout_prob: The dropout probability for all fully connected
    layers in the embeddings, encoder, and pooler. dropout 参数
  • attention_probs_dropout_prob: The dropout ratio for the attention
    probabilities.
  • max_position_embeddings: position embedding 的最大值 (e.g., 512 or 1024 or 2048).
  • type_vocab_size: next sentence prediction 中的 Segment A 和 Segment B,默认大小是 2
  • initializer_range: The stdev of the truncated_normal_initializer for
    initializing all weight matrices.
    “”"

embedding_lookup

根据 input_ids 生成词向量 embedding table 以及对应的 input_id_embeddings。简单一点理解就是向量从 [batch_size, seq_size][batch_size, seq_size,embedding_size]

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def embedding_lookup(input_ids,
vocab_size,
embedding_size=128,
initializer_range=0.02,
word_embedding_name="word_embeddings",
use_one_hot_embeddings=False):
"""Looks up words embeddings for id tensor.
Args:
input_ids: int32 Tensor of shape [batch_size, seq_length] containing word
ids.
vocab_size: int. Size of the embedding vocabulary.
embedding_size: int. Width of the word embeddings.
initializer_range: float. Embedding initialization range.
word_embedding_name: string. Name of the embedding table.
use_one_hot_embeddings: bool. If True, use one-hot method for word
embeddings. If False, use `tf.gather()`.
Returns:
float Tensor of shape [batch_size, seq_length, embedding_size].
"""
# This function assumes that the input is of shape [batch_size, seq_length,
# num_inputs].
#
# If the input is a 2D tensor of shape [batch_size, seq_length], we
# reshape to [batch_size, seq_length, 1].
if input_ids.shape.ndims == 2:
input_ids = tf.expand_dims(input_ids, axis=[-1])

embedding_table = tf.get_variable(
name=word_embedding_name,
shape=[vocab_size, embedding_size],
initializer=create_initializer(initializer_range))

flat_input_ids = tf.reshape(input_ids, [-1])
if use_one_hot_embeddings:
one_hot_input_ids = tf.one_hot(flat_input_ids, depth=vocab_size)
output = tf.matmul(one_hot_input_ids, embedding_table)
else:
output = tf.gather(embedding_table, flat_input_ids)

input_shape = get_shape_list(input_ids)

output = tf.reshape(output,
input_shape[0:-1] + [input_shape[-1] * embedding_size])
return (output, embedding_table)

从 embedding_table 取 input_ids 对应的 embedding 有两种方法:

看网上的解释,定义两种方法主要是不同设备(CPU、GPU、TPU)运算速度导致的。

embedding_postprocessor

embedding_postprocessor 将 token embeddings segmentation embeddings position embeddings 三个向量相加得到最终的输入向量。

  • token embeddings 对应单词 embedding
  • segmentation embeddings 代表单词来自哪个句子,在 Next Sentence Prediction 任务中使用。
  • position embeddings 位置 embedding。在「Attention is all your need」论文中,Google 生成 position embedding 的方法是一个花里胡哨 cos/sin 公式,这一次换成训练 position embedding。猜测在之前的论文中,输入的 seq len 可能长短不一,导致部分 position embedding 训练不充分。BERT 中强行定死 seq len。
  • 最后直接将三个 embedding 相加,可能对新人来说也有点迷惑。我自己的理解是,物理中多个不同波长的波叠加,是可以通过方法区分的。所以三个 embedding 相加,模型也能学到差异。
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def embedding_postprocessor(input_tensor,
use_token_type=False,
token_type_ids=None,
token_type_vocab_size=16,
token_type_embedding_name="token_type_embeddings",
use_position_embeddings=True,
position_embedding_name="position_embeddings",
initializer_range=0.02,
max_position_embeddings=512,
dropout_prob=0.1):
"""Performs various post-processing on a word embedding tensor.
Args:
input_tensor: float Tensor of shape [batch_size, seq_length,
embedding_size].
use_token_type: bool. Whether to add embeddings for `token_type_ids`.
token_type_ids: (optional) int32 Tensor of shape [batch_size, seq_length].
Must be specified if `use_token_type` is True.
token_type_vocab_size: int. The vocabulary size of `token_type_ids`.
token_type_embedding_name: string. The name of the embedding table variable
for token type ids.
use_position_embeddings: bool. Whether to add position embeddings for the
position of each token in the sequence.
position_embedding_name: string. The name of the embedding table variable
for positional embeddings.
initializer_range: float. Range of the weight initialization.
max_position_embeddings: int. Maximum sequence length that might ever be
used with this model. This can be longer than the sequence length of
input_tensor, but cannot be shorter.
dropout_prob: float. Dropout probability applied to the final output tensor.
Returns:
float tensor with same shape as `input_tensor`.
Raises:
ValueError: One of the tensor shapes or input values is invalid.
"""
input_shape = get_shape_list(input_tensor, expected_rank=3)
batch_size = input_shape[0]
seq_length = input_shape[1]
width = input_shape[2]

output = input_tensor

# 是否使用有 segmentation embeddings
if use_token_type:
if token_type_ids is None:
raise ValueError("`token_type_ids` must be specified if"
"`use_token_type` is True.")
token_type_table = tf.get_variable(
name=token_type_embedding_name,
shape=[token_type_vocab_size, width],
initializer=create_initializer(initializer_range))
# segmentation vocab 大小一般是 2,所以使用 one-hot 速度比较快
flat_token_type_ids = tf.reshape(token_type_ids, [-1])
one_hot_ids = tf.one_hot(flat_token_type_ids, depth=token_type_vocab_size)
token_type_embeddings = tf.matmul(one_hot_ids, token_type_table)
token_type_embeddings = tf.reshape(token_type_embeddings,
[batch_size, seq_length, width])
output += token_type_embeddings

if use_position_embeddings:
assert_op = tf.assert_less_equal(seq_length, max_position_embeddings)
with tf.control_dependencies([assert_op]):
full_position_embeddings = tf.get_variable(
name=position_embedding_name,
shape=[max_position_embeddings, width],
initializer=create_initializer(initializer_range))
# Since the position embedding table is a learned variable, we create it
# using a (long) sequence length `max_position_embeddings`. The actual
# sequence length might be shorter than this, for faster training of
# tasks that do not have long sequences.
#
# So `full_position_embeddings` is effectively an embedding table
# for position [0, 1, 2, ..., max_position_embeddings-1], and the current
# sequence has positions [0, 1, 2, ... seq_length-1], so we can just
# perform a slice.
# position embedding 可以通过学习得到,然后可能输入句子的长度没有到达 512。使用 tf.slice 取对应的向量速度比较快。大小是[seq_length, width]
position_embeddings = tf.slice(full_position_embeddings, [0, 0],
[seq_length, -1])
num_dims = len(output.shape.as_list())

# Only the last two dimensions are relevant (`seq_length` and `width`), so
# we broadcast among the first dimensions, which is typically just
# the batch size.
# word embedding 的大小是 [batch_size, seq_length, width],上一步取出的 position embedding 大小是 [seq_length, width],需要对后面一个矩阵进行广播。
position_broadcast_shape = []
for _ in range(num_dims - 2):
position_broadcast_shape.append(1)
position_broadcast_shape.extend([seq_length, width]) # 大小为 [1, seq_length, width]
position_embeddings = tf.reshape(position_embeddings,
position_broadcast_shape)
# 通过 broadcast 相加
output += position_embeddings

output = layer_norm_and_dropout(output, dropout_prob)
return output

三个 embedding 向量相加后,还会过一个 layer_norm_and_dropout 层,都是标准的,没有什么特殊。

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def dropout(input_tensor, dropout_prob):
"""Perform dropout.
Args:
input_tensor: float Tensor.
dropout_prob: Python float. The probability of dropping out a value (NOT of
*keeping* a dimension as in `tf.nn.dropout`).
Returns:
A version of `input_tensor` with dropout applied.
"""
if dropout_prob is None or dropout_prob == 0.0:
return input_tensor

output = tf.nn.dropout(input_tensor, 1.0 - dropout_prob)
return output


def layer_norm(input_tensor, name=None):
"""Run layer normalization on the last dimension of the tensor."""
return tf.contrib.layers.layer_norm(
inputs=input_tensor, begin_norm_axis=-1, begin_params_axis=-1, scope=name)


def layer_norm_and_dropout(input_tensor, dropout_prob, name=None):
"""Runs layer normalization followed by dropout."""
output_tensor = layer_norm(input_tensor, name)
output_tensor = dropout(output_tensor, dropout_prob)
return output_tensor

create_attention_mask_from_input_mask

create_attention_mask_from_input_mask 用来构造 attention 时的 mask 矩阵(padding 的单词不参与计算 attention socre)。输入向量 [batch_size, from_seq_length, ...][batch_size, to_seq_length] 输出向量 [batch_size, from_seq_length, to_seq_length]

偷个例子来举:

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from_tensor = tf.constant([[1,2,3,0,0], [1,3,5,6,1]]) # 中间的 0 代表 padding 的结果
to_mask = tf.constant([[1,1,1,0,0], [1,1,1,1,1]]) # 和 from_tensor 对应。如果 1 代表对应位置有词,如果 0 代表对应位置是 padding 的。

to_mask = tf.cast(tf.reshape(to_mask, [2, 1, 5]), tf.float32)
# print(to_mask_2)
broadcast_ones = tf.ones(
shape=[2, 5, 1], dtype=tf.float32)
mask = broadcast_ones * to_mask
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()

with tf.Session() as sess:
# print(sess.run(to_mask))
print(sess.run(mask))

最后的结果是

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[[[1. 1. 1. 0. 0.] #第一个词可以和前三个词计算 attention
[1. 1. 1. 0. 0.]
[1. 1. 1. 0. 0.]
[1. 1. 1. 0. 0.]
[1. 1. 1. 0. 0.]]

[[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]]]
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def create_attention_mask_from_input_mask(from_tensor, to_mask):
"""Create 3D attention mask from a 2D tensor mask.
Args:
from_tensor: 2D or 3D Tensor of shape [batch_size, from_seq_length, ...].
to_mask: int32 Tensor of shape [batch_size, to_seq_length].
Returns:
float Tensor of shape [batch_size, from_seq_length, to_seq_length].
"""
from_shape = get_shape_list(from_tensor, expected_rank=[2, 3])
batch_size = from_shape[0]
from_seq_length = from_shape[1]

to_shape = get_shape_list(to_mask, expected_rank=2)
to_seq_length = to_shape[1]

to_mask = tf.cast(
tf.reshape(to_mask, [batch_size, 1, to_seq_length]), tf.float32)

# We don't assume that `from_tensor` is a mask (although it could be). We
# don't actually care if we attend *from* padding tokens (only *to* padding)
# tokens so we create a tensor of all ones.
#
# `broadcast_ones` = [batch_size, from_seq_length, 1]
broadcast_ones = tf.ones(
shape=[batch_size, from_seq_length, 1], dtype=tf.float32)

# Here we broadcast along two dimensions to create the mask.
# 广播得到最后的 mask 矩阵 [batch_size, from_seq_length, to_seq_length]
mask = broadcast_ones * to_mask

return mask

transformer_model

顾名思议 BERT 最核心的 Multi-headed, multi-layer
Transformer 实现过程。Attention is all you need 中的实现在 链接

一个 Transformer 的示意图:

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def transformer_model(input_tensor,
attention_mask=None,
hidden_size=768,
num_hidden_layers=12,
num_attention_heads=12,
intermediate_size=3072,
intermediate_act_fn=gelu,
hidden_dropout_prob=0.1,
attention_probs_dropout_prob=0.1,
initializer_range=0.02,
do_return_all_layers=False):
"""Multi-headed, multi-layer Transformer from "Attention is All You Need".
This is almost an exact implementation of the original Transformer encoder.
See the original paper:
https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762
Also see:
https://github.com/tensorflow/tensor2tensor/blob/master/tensor2tensor/models/transformer.py
Args:
input_tensor: float Tensor of shape [batch_size, seq_length, hidden_size].
attention_mask: (optional) int32 Tensor of shape [batch_size, seq_length,
seq_length], with 1 for positions that can be attended to and 0 in
positions that should not be. 就是前面 create_attention_mask_from_input_mask 产出的结果
hidden_size: int. Hidden size of the Transformer.
num_hidden_layers: int. Number of layers (blocks) in the Transformer.
num_attention_heads: int. Number of attention heads in the Transformer.
intermediate_size: int. The size of the "intermediate" (a.k.a., feed
forward) layer.
intermediate_act_fn: function. The non-linear activation function to apply
to the output of the intermediate/feed-forward layer.
hidden_dropout_prob: float. Dropout probability for the hidden layers.
attention_probs_dropout_prob: float. Dropout probability of the attention
probabilities.
initializer_range: float. Range of the initializer (stddev of truncated
normal).
do_return_all_layers: Whether to also return all layers or just the final
layer.
Returns:
float Tensor of shape [batch_size, seq_length, hidden_size], the final
hidden layer of the Transformer.
Raises:
ValueError: A Tensor shape or parameter is invalid.
"""
# 最终输出的 hidden_size 能被 num_attention_heads 整除
if hidden_size % num_attention_heads != 0:
raise ValueError(
"The hidden size (%d) is not a multiple of the number of attention "
"heads (%d)" % (hidden_size, num_attention_heads))

# 定义 attention 每个输出的头的大小
# 最后结果 concat 之后和原始输入大小相同。
attention_head_size = int(hidden_size / num_attention_heads)
input_shape = get_shape_list(input_tensor, expected_rank=3)
batch_size = input_shape[0]
seq_length = input_shape[1]
input_width = input_shape[2]

# The Transformer performs sum residuals on all layers so the input needs
# to be the same as the hidden size.
# Transformer 中有残差连接,所以输入和输出 embedding size 要相同
if input_width != hidden_size:
raise ValueError("The width of the input tensor (%d) != hidden size (%d)" %
(input_width, hidden_size))

# We keep the representation as a 2D tensor to avoid re-shaping it back and
# forth from a 3D tensor to a 2D tensor. Re-shapes are normally free on
# the GPU/CPU but may not be free on the TPU, so we want to minimize them to
# help the optimizer.
# TPU 不擅长 reshape 操作,所以把所有的 3D tensor 变成 2D tensor
prev_output = reshape_to_matrix(input_tensor)

all_layer_outputs = []
# 遍历多层
for layer_idx in range(num_hidden_layers):
with tf.variable_scope("layer_%d" % layer_idx):
layer_input = prev_output

with tf.variable_scope("attention"):
attention_heads = []
with tf.variable_scope("self"):
attention_head = attention_layer(
from_tensor=layer_input,
to_tensor=layer_input,
attention_mask=attention_mask,
num_attention_heads=num_attention_heads,
size_per_head=attention_head_size,
attention_probs_dropout_prob=attention_probs_dropout_prob,
initializer_range=initializer_range,
do_return_2d_tensor=True,
batch_size=batch_size,
from_seq_length=seq_length,
to_seq_length=seq_length)
attention_heads.append(attention_head)

attention_output = None
if len(attention_heads) == 1:
attention_output = attention_heads[0]
else:
# In the case where we have other sequences, we just concatenate
# them to the self-attention head before the projection.
# concat 多头的结果
attention_output = tf.concat(attention_heads, axis=-1)

# Run a linear projection of `hidden_size` then add a residual
# with `layer_input`. 加上残差
with tf.variable_scope("output"):
attention_output = tf.layers.dense(
attention_output,
hidden_size,
kernel_initializer=create_initializer(initializer_range))
# dropout 和 layer_norm
attention_output = dropout(attention_output, hidden_dropout_prob)
attention_output = layer_norm(attention_output + layer_input)

# 全连接层
# The activation is only applied to the "intermediate" hidden layer.
with tf.variable_scope("intermediate"):
intermediate_output = tf.layers.dense(
attention_output,
intermediate_size,
activation=intermediate_act_fn,
kernel_initializer=create_initializer(initializer_range))

# 变回原来的大小,才能加上残差
# Down-project back to `hidden_size` then add the residual.
with tf.variable_scope("output"):
layer_output = tf.layers.dense(
intermediate_output,
hidden_size,
kernel_initializer=create_initializer(initializer_range))
layer_output = dropout(layer_output, hidden_dropout_prob)
layer_output = layer_norm(layer_output + attention_output)
prev_output = layer_output
all_layer_outputs.append(layer_output)

# 是不是要输出中间结果
if do_return_all_layers:
final_outputs = []
for layer_output in all_layer_outputs:
final_output = reshape_from_matrix(layer_output, input_shape)
final_outputs.append(final_output)
return final_outputs
else:
final_output = reshape_from_matrix(prev_output, input_shape)
return final_output

attention_layer

attention_layer 中实现 self-attention 和 multi-head,细节在 「Attention is all your need」里面有。query_layer 由 from_tensor 得到,key_layer 和 value_layer 由 to_tensor 得到。由于是 self-attention-encoder,from_tensor 和 to_tensor 相同。

示意图:

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def attention_layer(from_tensor,
to_tensor,
attention_mask=None,
num_attention_heads=1,
size_per_head=512,
query_act=None,
key_act=None,
value_act=None,
attention_probs_dropout_prob=0.0,
initializer_range=0.02,
do_return_2d_tensor=False,
batch_size=None,
from_seq_length=None,
to_seq_length=None):
"""Performs multi-headed attention from `from_tensor` to `to_tensor`.
This is an implementation of multi-headed attention based on "Attention
is all you Need". If `from_tensor` and `to_tensor` are the same, then
this is self-attention. Each timestep in `from_tensor` attends to the
corresponding sequence in `to_tensor`, and returns a fixed-with vector.
This function first projects `from_tensor` into a "query" tensor and
`to_tensor` into "key" and "value" tensors. These are (effectively) a list
of tensors of length `num_attention_heads`, where each tensor is of shape
[batch_size, seq_length, size_per_head].
Then, the query and key tensors are dot-producted and scaled. These are
softmaxed to obtain attention probabilities. The value tensors are then
interpolated by these probabilities, then concatenated back to a single
tensor and returned.
In practice, the multi-headed attention are done with transposes and
reshapes rather than actual separate tensors.
Args:
from_tensor: float Tensor of shape [batch_size, from_seq_length,
from_width].
to_tensor: float Tensor of shape [batch_size, to_seq_length, to_width].
attention_mask: (optional) int32 Tensor of shape [batch_size,
from_seq_length, to_seq_length]. The values should be 1 or 0. The
attention scores will effectively be set to -infinity for any positions in
the mask that are 0, and will be unchanged for positions that are 1.
num_attention_heads: int. Number of attention heads.
size_per_head: int. Size of each attention head.
query_act: (optional) Activation function for the query transform.
key_act: (optional) Activation function for the key transform.
value_act: (optional) Activation function for the value transform.
attention_probs_dropout_prob: (optional) float. Dropout probability of the
attention probabilities.
initializer_range: float. Range of the weight initializer.
do_return_2d_tensor: bool. If True, the output will be of shape [batch_size
* from_seq_length, num_attention_heads * size_per_head]. If False, the
output will be of shape [batch_size, from_seq_length, num_attention_heads
* size_per_head].
batch_size: (Optional) int. If the input is 2D, this might be the batch size
of the 3D version of the `from_tensor` and `to_tensor`.
from_seq_length: (Optional) If the input is 2D, this might be the seq length
of the 3D version of the `from_tensor`.
to_seq_length: (Optional) If the input is 2D, this might be the seq length
of the 3D version of the `to_tensor`.
Returns:
float Tensor of shape [batch_size, from_seq_length,
num_attention_heads * size_per_head]. (If `do_return_2d_tensor` is
true, this will be of shape [batch_size * from_seq_length,
num_attention_heads * size_per_head]).
Raises:
ValueError: Any of the arguments or tensor shapes are invalid.
"""

def transpose_for_scores(input_tensor, batch_size, num_attention_heads,
seq_length, width):
output_tensor = tf.reshape(
input_tensor, [batch_size, seq_length, num_attention_heads, width])

output_tensor = tf.transpose(output_tensor, [0, 2, 1, 3]) #[batch_size, num_attention_heads, seq_length, width]
return output_tensor

from_shape = get_shape_list(from_tensor, expected_rank=[2, 3])
to_shape = get_shape_list(to_tensor, expected_rank=[2, 3])

if len(from_shape) != len(to_shape):
raise ValueError(
"The rank of `from_tensor` must match the rank of `to_tensor`.")

if len(from_shape) == 3:
batch_size = from_shape[0]
from_seq_length = from_shape[1]
to_seq_length = to_shape[1]
elif len(from_shape) == 2:
if (batch_size is None or from_seq_length is None or to_seq_length is None):
raise ValueError(
"When passing in rank 2 tensors to attention_layer, the values "
"for `batch_size`, `from_seq_length`, and `to_seq_length` "
"must all be specified.")

# Scalar dimensions referenced here:
# B = batch size (number of sequences)
# F = `from_tensor` sequence length 输入单词长度
# T = `to_tensor` sequence length 输出单词长度
# N = `num_attention_heads`
# H = `size_per_head`

from_tensor_2d = reshape_to_matrix(from_tensor) # [B*F,hidden_size=N*H]
to_tensor_2d = reshape_to_matrix(to_tensor) # [B*T,head_size=N*H]

# `query_layer` = [B*F, N*H] 从 from_tensor 得到 query_layer
query_layer = tf.layers.dense(
from_tensor_2d,
num_attention_heads * size_per_head,
activation=query_act,
name="query",
kernel_initializer=create_initializer(initializer_range))

# `key_layer` = [B*T, N*H]
key_layer = tf.layers.dense(
to_tensor_2d,
num_attention_heads * size_per_head,
activation=key_act,
name="key",
kernel_initializer=create_initializer(initializer_range))

# `value_layer` = [B*T, N*H]
value_layer = tf.layers.dense(
to_tensor_2d,
num_attention_heads * size_per_head,
activation=value_act,
name="value",
kernel_initializer=create_initializer(initializer_range))

# 计算多头调整 tensor shape,都是为了方便计算.变成 [batch_size, num_attention_heads, seq_length, width]
# `query_layer` = [B, N, F, H]
query_layer = transpose_for_scores(query_layer, batch_size,
num_attention_heads, from_seq_length,
size_per_head)

# `key_layer` = [B, N, T, H]
key_layer = transpose_for_scores(key_layer, batch_size, num_attention_heads,
to_seq_length, size_per_head)

# Take the dot product between "query" and "key" to get the raw
# attention scores.
# `attention_scores` = [B, N, F, T] => [F, H] * [H, T] = [F, T]
attention_scores = tf.matmul(query_layer, key_layer, transpose_b=True)
attention_scores = tf.multiply(attention_scores,
1.0 / math.sqrt(float(size_per_head))) # 经典缩小 scroe 值,防止落到 softmask 梯度饱和区

# 处理 padding 部分的 score 值, padding 为 0 的在对应的位置上加上 -10000.0, 这样求 exp 之后就是一个接近于 0 的值
if attention_mask is not None:
# `attention_mask` = [B, 1, F, T]
attention_mask = tf.expand_dims(attention_mask, axis=[1])

# Since attention_mask is 1.0 for positions we want to attend and 0.0 for
# masked positions, this operation will create a tensor which is 0.0 for
# positions we want to attend and -10000.0 for masked positions.
adder = (1.0 - tf.cast(attention_mask, tf.float32)) * -10000.0

# Since we are adding it to the raw scores before the softmax, this is
# effectively the same as removing these entirely.
attention_scores += adder

# Normalize the attention scores to probabilities.
# `attention_probs` = [B, N, F, T]
attention_probs = tf.nn.softmax(attention_scores)

# This is actually dropping out entire tokens to attend to, which might
# seem a bit unusual, but is taken from the original Transformer paper.
attention_probs = dropout(attention_probs, attention_probs_dropout_prob)

# `value_layer` = [B, T, N, H]
value_layer = tf.reshape(
value_layer,
[batch_size, to_seq_length, num_attention_heads, size_per_head])

# `value_layer` = [B, N, T, H]
value_layer = tf.transpose(value_layer, [0, 2, 1, 3])

# attention 之后的结果
# `context_layer` = [B, N, F, H]
context_layer = tf.matmul(attention_probs, value_layer)

# `context_layer` = [B, F, N, H]
context_layer = tf.transpose(context_layer, [0, 2, 1, 3])

if do_return_2d_tensor:
# `context_layer` = [B*F, N*H]
context_layer = tf.reshape(
context_layer,
[batch_size * from_seq_length, num_attention_heads * size_per_head])
else:
# `context_layer` = [B, F, N*H]
context_layer = tf.reshape(
context_layer,
[batch_size, from_seq_length, num_attention_heads * size_per_head])

return context_layer

BertModel 构造类

init 方法就是将上面的内容串联起来。

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def __init__(self,
config,
is_training,
input_ids,
input_mask=None,
token_type_ids=None,
use_one_hot_embeddings=False,
scope=None):
"""Constructor for BertModel.
Args:
config: `BertConfig` instance.
is_training: bool. true for training model, false for eval model. Controls
whether dropout will be applied.
input_ids: int32 Tensor of shape [batch_size, seq_length].
input_mask: (optional) int32 Tensor of shape [batch_size, seq_length].
token_type_ids: (optional) int32 Tensor of shape [batch_size, seq_length].
use_one_hot_embeddings: (optional) bool. Whether to use one-hot word
embeddings or tf.embedding_lookup() for the word embeddings.
scope: (optional) variable scope. Defaults to "bert".
Raises:
ValueError: The config is invalid or one of the input tensor shapes
is invalid.
"""
config = copy.deepcopy(config)
if not is_training:
config.hidden_dropout_prob = 0.0
config.attention_probs_dropout_prob = 0.0

input_shape = get_shape_list(input_ids, expected_rank=2)
batch_size = input_shape[0]
seq_length = input_shape[1]

if input_mask is None:
input_mask = tf.ones(shape=[batch_size, seq_length], dtype=tf.int32)
# 处理 embedding
if token_type_ids is None:
token_type_ids = tf.zeros(shape=[batch_size, seq_length], dtype=tf.int32)

with tf.variable_scope(scope, default_name="bert"):
with tf.variable_scope("embeddings"):
# Perform embedding lookup on the word ids.
(self.embedding_output, self.embedding_table) = embedding_lookup(
input_ids=input_ids,
vocab_size=config.vocab_size,
embedding_size=config.hidden_size,
initializer_range=config.initializer_range,
word_embedding_name="word_embeddings",
use_one_hot_embeddings=use_one_hot_embeddings)

# Add positional embeddings and token type embeddings, then layer
# normalize and perform dropout.
self.embedding_output = embedding_postprocessor(
input_tensor=self.embedding_output,
use_token_type=True,
token_type_ids=token_type_ids,
token_type_vocab_size=config.type_vocab_size,
token_type_embedding_name="token_type_embeddings",
use_position_embeddings=True,
position_embedding_name="position_embeddings",
initializer_range=config.initializer_range,
max_position_embeddings=config.max_position_embeddings,
dropout_prob=config.hidden_dropout_prob)

with tf.variable_scope("encoder"):
# This converts a 2D mask of shape [batch_size, seq_length] to a 3D
# mask of shape [batch_size, seq_length, seq_length] which is used
# for the attention scores. 获得 attention_mask
attention_mask = create_attention_mask_from_input_mask(
input_ids, input_mask)

# Run the stacked transformer. 计算 transformer 的结果
# `sequence_output` shape = [batch_size, seq_length, hidden_size].
self.all_encoder_layers = transformer_model(
input_tensor=self.embedding_output,
attention_mask=attention_mask,
hidden_size=config.hidden_size,
num_hidden_layers=config.num_hidden_layers,
num_attention_heads=config.num_attention_heads,
intermediate_size=config.intermediate_size,
intermediate_act_fn=get_activation(config.hidden_act),
hidden_dropout_prob=config.hidden_dropout_prob,
attention_probs_dropout_prob=config.attention_probs_dropout_prob,
initializer_range=config.initializer_range,
do_return_all_layers=True)

self.sequence_output = self.all_encoder_layers[-1]
# The "pooler" converts the encoded sequence tensor of shape
# [batch_size, seq_length, hidden_size] to a tensor of shape
# [batch_size, hidden_size]. This is necessary for segment-level
# (or segment-pair-level) classification tasks where we need a fixed
# dimensional representation of the segment.
# 分类任务取第一个 [CLS] 对应的 embedding 值
with tf.variable_scope("pooler"):
# We "pool" the model by simply taking the hidden state corresponding
# to the first token. We assume that this has been pre-trained
first_token_tensor = tf.squeeze(self.sequence_output[:, 0:1, :], axis=1)
self.pooled_output = tf.layers.dense(
first_token_tensor,
config.hidden_size,
activation=tf.tanh,
kernel_initializer=create_initializer(config.initializer_range))

模型使用

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# Already been converted into WordPiece token ids
input_ids = tf.constant([[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]])
input_mask = tf.constant([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]])
token_type_ids = tf.constant([[0, 0, 1], [0, 2, 0]])

config = modeling.BertConfig(vocab_size=32000, hidden_size=512,
num_hidden_layers=8, num_attention_heads=6, intermediate_size=1024)
# 调用模型
model = modeling.BertModel(config=config, is_training=True,
input_ids=input_ids, input_mask=input_mask, token_type_ids=token_type_ids)
label_embeddings = tf.get_variable(...)
pooled_output = model.get_pooled_output()
logits = tf.matmul(pooled_output, label_embeddings)
...

Bert 参数量计算

回到写这篇文章的起点,最后通过计算 BERTBASEBERT_{BASE} 的参数量,加深对模型的理解。论文介绍 Layer = 12,Hidden Size = 768,multi head = 12,参数量是 110M 左右。

总的计算公式为 (30522 + 512 + 2)*768 + 768*2 + (3*768*64*12 + 3*64*12 + 64*768*12 + 768 + 768 + 768 + 768*3072 + 3072 + 3072*768 + 768 + 768 + 768) * 12 = 108891648

  • embedding 部分 (30522 + 512 + 2)*768 + 768*2
    • embedding size = 768
    • 单词数仅有 30522,比起 CTR 几千万的物品还是少很多。
    • position size = 512
    • sentence size = 2
    • 三个 embedding 相加后 Norm 的参数 2
  • multi attention 部分 (3*768*64*12 + 3*64*12 + 64*768*12 + 768 + 768 + 768 + 768*3072 + 3072 + 3072*768 + 768 + 768 + 768) * 12
    • 一共是 12 层,对应 12 个 Transformer
    • 3*768*64*12 + 3*64*12 12 个 multi-head 对应的 Q K V 参数
    • 64*768*12 + 768 + 768 + 768 multi-head 结果 concat 之后接的全连接层参数以及后面的 norm
    • 768*3072 + 3072 + 3072*768 + 768 + 768 + 768 FFN 以及 norm 的参数

Ref

深入浅出 BERT 源代码之 BertModel 类

https://blog.xiang578.com/post/all-about-bert-code.html

作者

Ryen Xiang

发布于

2020-10-03

更新于

2024-07-21

许可协议


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