@Part II: Personal Memory Systems More Broadly

两个问题

• how important is memory as a cognitive skill ？

• what is the role of [[cognitive science]] in building personal memory systems ?
  How important is long-term memory, anyway?

• “rote memory” 比理解更低级？

• memory is the foundation of our cognition

  • My somewhat pious belief was that if people focused more on remembering the basics , and worried less about the “difficult” high-level issues , they’d find the high-level issues took care of themselves.

  • I now believe memory of the basics is often the single largest barrier to understanding

  • 熟悉新领域基础知识有助于理解

  • Adriaan de Groot and [[Herbert A. Simon]] studying how people acquire expertise, focusing particularly on chess

    • They found that world-class chess experts saw the board differently to beginners. 大师和新手看到的棋盘不一样

      • A beginner would see “a pawn here, a rook there”, and so on, a series of individual pieces.
      • Masters, by contrast, saw much more elaborate “ chunks ”: combinations of pieces that they recognized as a unit, and were able to reason about at a higher level of abstraction than the individual pieces.
      • 有关国际象棋大师和新手的区别：专家拥有更加复杂的 chunks

    • Simon estimated chess masters learn between 25,000 and 100,000 of these chunks during their training, and that learning the chunks was a key element in becoming a first-rate chess player. Such players really see chess positions very differently from beginners.

    • [[@刻意练习]]里面也要提到过

    • George Miller 论文 The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two，提出 chunks was effectively the  basic unit of working memory

• distributed practice meaning :-> practice which is distributed in time

  • Hermann Ebbinghaus

  • Ebbinghaus forgetting curve 遗忘曲线

On the role of cognitive science in the design of systems to augment cognition

• they show emphatically that distributed practice outperforms massed practice

• 反例子：某些技能在一定时间后会增强

  • we learn to swim during the winter and to skate during the summer.

  • an 1895 study of Axel Oehrn

• memory is complicated , we don’t understand many of the big picture questions well, and we should be careful before we put too much faith in any given model.
  + memory is complicated 还需要时间去理解相关的内容

• 如何在理论不完善的背景下，开始设计系统？